Logic
Definition:
Logic is the study of valid reasoning and the principles of correct inference. It forms the foundation of sound argumentation and rational discourse.
Biblical References:
“Come now, and let us reason together, saith the Lord…” – Isaiah 1:18 (KJV)
“Test everything; hold fast what is good.” – 1 Thessalonians 5:21 (ESV)
Why It Matters:
Logic enables believers to defend their faith (apologetics), discern truth, and communicate effectively. God invites rational engagement with His Word and ways.
Further Reading:
Aristotelian logic, Christian apologetics (e.g., William Lane Craig), and classical rhetoric.
Ethics
Definition:
Ethics is the branch of philosophy concerned with moral principles, discerning right from wrong, and guiding human behavior.
Biblical References:
“What does the Lord require of you but to do justice, and to love kindness, and to walk humbly with your God?” – Micah 6:8 (ESV)
“Let love be without dissimulation. Abhor that which is evil; cleave to that which is good.” – Romans 12:9 (KJV)
Why It Matters:
Christian ethics are rooted in God’s holiness and love. They inform choices and conduct, reflecting God’s character in human actions.
Further Reading:
Normative ethics, biblical moral theology, and books by C.S. Lewis (The Abolition of Man).
Epistemology
Definition:
Epistemology is the study of knowledge—its sources, limits, and validity. It explores how we know what we know.
Biblical References:
“The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge…” – Proverbs 1:7 (KJV)
“You will know the truth, and the truth will set you free.” – John 8:32 (ESV)
Why It Matters:
Faith is not blind but based on revealed and knowable truth. Understanding epistemology strengthens confidence in God’s Word as a reliable source of knowledge.
Further Reading:
Christian epistemology, Alvin Plantinga’s “warrant” theory, and biblical revelation studies.
Metaphysics
Definition:
Metaphysics deals with the fundamental nature of reality, exploring existence, being, causality, and the relationship between mind and matter.
Biblical References:
“In him we live, and move, and have our being…” – Acts 17:28 (KJV)
“God is spirit, and those who worship him must worship in spirit and truth.” – John 4:24 (ESV)
Why It Matters:
Metaphysical thought helps believers grasp spiritual realities beyond the physical world and engage thoughtfully with questions of being and purpose.
Further Reading:
Plato and Aristotle’s metaphysics, Christian ontology, and theology of creation.
Reason
Definition:
Reason is the mental faculty of forming judgments through logic and evidence. It complements faith by seeking understanding.
Biblical References:
“Always be prepared to make a defense… with gentleness and respect.” – 1 Peter 3:15 (ESV)
“I will pray with the spirit, and I will pray with the mind also.” – 1 Corinthians 14:15 (ESV)
Why It Matters:
Reason allows believers to explore theology, defend their beliefs, and love God intellectually. Faith and reason are not at odds but work together.
Further Reading:
Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica, reason in Christian apologetics, and historical Christian philosophy.
Truth
Definition:
Truth is that which conforms to reality or fact. In Scripture, truth is both a principle and a person—Jesus Christ.
Biblical References:
“Jesus said… I am the way, the truth, and the life…” – John 14:6 (KJV)
“Sanctify them in the truth; your word is truth.” – John 17:17 (ESV)
Why It Matters:
Truth is central to the Christian worldview. Without truth, there is no foundation for morality, salvation, or understanding reality rightly.
Further Reading:
Correspondence theory of truth, apologetics on absolute truth, and biblical inerrancy studies.